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17 October 2014 Credit: Tommy E Trenchard / Alamy Stock PhotoOverall, for a spillover event to turn into a pandemic, there must be a “perfect storm” of several complex factors all occurring at the same time – which, at present, does not happen very often, says Redding: “I think history shows us that these sort of large outbreaks happen a couple of times a century.”“Causal mechanisms are only well known for a handful of infectious diseases and it is sometimes hard to pick apart the drivers of disease to isolate the direct effects of environmental change from other human actions.”“There are lots of different factors that need to all overlap at the same time for there to be a contact that is both effective in terms of transferring a live pathogenic organism and then also for that very rare situation where that pathogen has an adaptation that allows it to invade our immune system.”The authors add: “Most projected viral sharing is driven by diverse hyperreservoirs (rodents and bats) and large-bodied predators (carnivores).”This may go some way to explaining why previous serious animal-borne disease outbreaks have not reached pandemic status, Redding explains.It is their opinion that pandemics will become more likely in the future if existing pressures on biodiversity continue. We have so many unknown viruses in the animal pool, it is important to identify those cases where crossing over may happen. The movement of bats into these new areas could increase contact between them and humans, increasing the chances of disease spillover, the study found.In this explainer, Carbon Brief examines what is known about how climate change and biodiversity disturbance, including habitat loss and human-animal conflict, could influence the risk of diseases being transmitted from animals to humans. “Don't waste food. They have to be doubled and redoubled. If there is loss of biodiversity, for example fresh water will be reduced; in fact it has been reduced over the years.

“Spillover events could potentially increase farther south, and inland with climate change,” the authors say.“Our findings provide further evidence that exploitation, as well as anthropogenic activities that have caused losses in wildlife habitat quality, have increased opportunities for animal-human interactions and facilitated zoonotic disease transmission.”In general, species are seeking cooler temperatures by moving towards the Earth’s poles.

Living on Earth. These include human factors, such as preparedness and early action to prevent the illness from spreading, and also the traits of the pathogen itself, says Redding:In terms of climate change’s impact on animal-borne diseases, researchers still have a lot to learn, says Redding:“Complex links between increased human disturbance, land-use change, habitat loss/degradation and biodiversity loss have all been linked to increases in the prevalence and risk of zoonotic [animal-borne] disease for a variety of pathogens.”However, the movement of animals is complicated by other factors, such as the changing availability of food, the shifting distribution of predators and changing patterns of human land-use, the review says. If, in the future, we see species moving into areas where humans are prevalent, we could see new opportunities for pandemics to evolve.”For instance, if the pathogen causes very severe illness, the sufferer is less likely to be able to travel to a new place to pass on the disease, Redding says. Have a more appropriate, balanced diet. Loss of Biodiversity could affect humans.

“They are both environmental, social, economic and development issues.”A sharp decline in biodiversity is affecting every region of the world, threatening the ability of citizens in many nations to find adequate food and clean water, according to a United Nations report.Ultimately, however, government and the private sector must also act much more sustainably, he adds. It may cause an increase in the human population as competition is reduced. Even if a disease is effectively transmitted from an animal to a person, it is unlikely that they will then pass it on to someone else, he adds:The research found that climate change could cause the geographic range of flying foxes to expand southwards and further inland. All species, including humans, depend for their survival on the delicate balance of life in nature. Credit: Anton Sorokin / Alamy Stock Photo“Climate change is clearly a factor that can influence these relationships.

Those chemicals leach into … our freshwater systems, rivers and lakes.” Don't waste water, don't waste energy. It could cause a decrease in the amount of pollutants on the planet. First come the loggers, who illegally extract valued lumber. People have been recently concentrating more on vector-borne diseases. “We have to look at climate change and biodiversity together,” he insists.


“It's the combination of numbers of people and the ability to purchase. Eastern Sierra Leone was a hot spot for Ebola for several months, but eventually authorities managed to bring down infection rates to just a few cases per week.