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What others in Congress and the state legislatures had in mind cannot be determined with any degree of certainty.Whatever may have been the extent of psychological knowledge at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson, this finding is amply supported by modern authority. Answers to the background questions, vocabulary, and activities can be found in the "Answers & Differentiation Ideas" tab under each case.Use the link below to download this free resource. In the South, the movement toward free common schools, supported by general taxation, had not yet taken hold.

Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms.President Eisenhower discusses limiting government activism and warns Americans against "the fatal materialism that plagues our age. It is true that public school education at the time of the amendment had advanced further in the North, but the effect of the amendment on northern states was generally ignored in the Congressional debates. Today, in contrast, many Negroes have achieved outstanding success in the arts and sciences as well as in the business and professional world.
Only in this way can it be determined if segregation in public schools deprives these plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws. Education of white children was largely in the hands of private groups. In each of the cases other than the Delaware case, a three-judge federal district court denied relief to the plaintiffs on the so-called "separate but equal" doctrine announced by this court in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537.

They are premised on different facts and different local conditions, but a common legal question justifies their consideration together in this consolidated opinion.The plaintiffs contend that segregated public schools are not "equal" and cannot be made "equal," and that hence they are deprived of the equal protection of the laws.

We believe that it does.Because these are class actions, because of the wide applicability of this decision, and because of the great variety of local conditions, the formulation of decrees in these cases presents problems of considerable complexity. This segregation was alleged to deprive the plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment. We must look instead to the effect of segregation itself on public education.An additional reason for the inconclusive nature of the amendment's history, with respect to segregated schools, is the status of public education at that time. As part of this update, all LandmarkCases.org accounts have been taken out of service.These materials were developed for students of various skill levels, and teachers should choose the level that works best for their students. In McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, supra, the court, in requiring that a Negro admitted to a white graduate school be treated like all other students, again resorted to intangible considerations: " ... His ability to study, to engage in discussions and exchange views with other students, and, in general, to learn his profession." Title U.S. Reports: Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

Compulsory school attendance laws and the great expenditures for education both demonstrate our recognition of the importance of education to our democratic society. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group. On Monday, May 17, 1954, Warren read the unanimous decision: ... BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA (1954) Linda Brown’s name headed a list And in Sweatt v. Painter, supra, the court expressly reserved decision on the question whether Plessy v. Ferguson should be held inapplicable to public education.In the instant cases, that question is directly presented. It is required in the performance of our most basic public responsibilities, even service in the armed forces. Contributor Names Warren, Earl (Judge) Supreme Court of the United States (Author) Such considerations apply with added force to children in grade and high schools. A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. We must consider public education in the light of its full development and its present place in American life throughout the nation. American courts have since labored with the doctrine for over half a century. Segregation with the sanction of law, therefore, has a tendency to (retard) the educational and mental development of Negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racially integrated school system.
In fact, any education of Negroes was forbidden by law in some states.