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An alignment error that is greater than half the beamwidth will place the crosshairs outside the beam.Common sample periods, varies with model, 300, 333, 400, 500, 700 milliseconds - 0.25, 0.3, and 1/3 secondsTo resolve two objects in range they must be separated by over half a pulse width. Second, these accuracy specifications are usually quite conservative. The speed guns employ the use of LiDAR technology to determine accurately the speed of approaching vehicles. But it is incumbent upon those purchasing these professional services that they understand the fundamentals and exercise due diligence to ensure qualified professionals are capable of delivering the needed information in a quality and timely manner.Raw LiDAR data after it has been properly aligned and inaccuracies due the IMU have been removed.As it turns out, the accuracy of the laser ranging is actually one of the most accurate components in the whole system. So to get to the bottom of the question of error we have to approach it from a systems and operational level and not only from an overly simplistic “laser” perspective.In conversations with experts at Riegl, I learned two important things. A better understanding of the accuracy of LiDAR is perhaps best described on the speed guns often used by cops. Relative accuracies will generally always be better (more accurate) than absolute accuracies for a given acquisition for reasons discussed below. All of these factors (and others) in total contribute to the actual measurable error in the final deliverable.On top of these factors, we have the practical consideration as to how (or if) the vertical accuracy of the point cloud will be assessed. Riegl’s spec sheet for the system says that the accuracy for the system is 2.5 cm (1 sigma at 150m above ground). For example, transformations from WGS to a local projection can be fraught with errors in the hands of a novice. The coating also introduces another angle error in addition to the glass. Pulse widths vary from 5 to 35 nanoseconds.The operator must aim the beam to an accuracy of within tenths of a degree, the aperture must be aligned within hundredths of a degree to the optical aiming device. SLAM solutions tend …
Quality stationary scanners boast survey-grade lasers and signal processing to produce millimeter accuracy. One fundamental problem with the current crop of commercial SLAM scanning solutions is that they rely on hardware not designed for survey applications in the first place. For these reasons absolute accuracy is commonly not statistically estimated in this manner. Increasing range short to long produces a receding speed, sweeping long to short range produces an approaching speed.The narrow laser beam and aim crosshairs must be closely aligned to very tight tolerances. This can be quite difficult and expensive. For example, Aerial Services uses the Riegl VQ-480 Corridor Mapping LiDAR System.
How well the system is calibrated plays an important role. Although airborne LiDAR systems may not be this accurate, as it turns out the error contribution from the laser ranging is by far one of the least significant sources of overall error. What features can be extract from Mobile Mapping data? If the specification was written using NSSDA guidelines it would be expressed at 2 sigma’s or “5.0 cm with a 95% confidence level”.When talking with your professional services provider, clarify these things:
Radar shoots out a short, high-intensity burst of high-frequency radio waves in a … Second, they have LiDAR sensor operators that do deliver bare earth point clouds with vertical accuracies that exceed the printed specifications. How much less? For the LiDAR-IMU calibration problem, it should be noted that the individual points in a LiDAR scan are sampled at … Those portions of the cloud obscured by vegetation and other objects are required to meet less stringent accuracies (“supplemental accuracy”). This is not published with their specifications but it would degrade as altitude increased.The first problem one runs into when reading LiDAR manufacturer “accuracy specifications” is that they are normally reporting “relative accuracies” not “absolute accuracies” of their systems. The measured speed is a function of the change in range over sweep time. 6315 Chancellor Dr. Cedar Falls, IA 50613The final accuracy of a point cloud (or the bare earth elevation model derived from the point cloud) is a product of the LiDAR “system” and a “production process”, and not simply the ranging from the laser. Operating a lidar through a windshield will diffract the infrared beam introducing an angle alignment error.