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Respondents were provided with space to write down any additional descriptors they felt had been omitted from the original list.For individuals, the construct of intelligence and its measurement has a great deal of importance because ability tests are utilized in numerous settings such as schools, hospitals, clinics, and employment offices. If IQ and ” g” are influenced by genetics, monozygotic twins should be more alike in terms of performance on ability measures than are dizygotic twins. In 1891 he moved to Columbia University and, in addition to assuming administrative duties as the department head, continued collecting sensory-motor information on entering freshmen for almost a decade. However, the children of white GIs and black GIs had average IQs of 97 and 96.5, respectively. Although researchers have revised and modified the scale numerous times (1937, 1960, 1972, 1986, and 2003), its popularity began declining in the 1940s and 1950s because of serious limitations when used to evaluate adolescents and adults with a variety of psychiatric or neurological conditions.In the United States over the past 80 years, whites have consistently earned IQs that are about 15 points higher than those of blacks (mean IQs of 100 and 85, respectively). However, when researchers administered the Sternberg Triachic Abilities Test (STAT) and a conventional mea-sure of ” g” to a sample of gifted students, highly significant correlations emerged between ” g” and the three intelligences, which were also significantly intercorrelated (Brody, 2003). However, IQ scores are not pure measures of ” g” as evidenced by the fact that the construct accounts for only 50 percent of the variance in the WAIS-III Full Scale IQ (Sattler & Ryan, 2001).

and intelligence research/differential psychology. He reasoned that if information about the world comes to us via sensory processes, then more intellectually capable persons will perform better than less capable people on separate tasks of reaction time, strength of movement, visual discrimination, kinesthetic discrimination, and auditory discrimination.Any discussion of intelligence and its assessment would be incomplete without mentioning the heritability of general intelligence and its contemporary marker, the IQ score. The 1916 revision, which was popularly known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, quickly became the standard for intelligence assessment throughout the United States. Spearman noted that when individuals were given ability tests tapping a variety of content (e.g., numerical problems and visual spatial designs), the resulting test scores consistently yielded positive intercorrelations. Others believe that these differences are direct evidence of the social oppression of minority groups.To support their theory, they often cite several arguments and observations: However, an IQ test is said to be biased against a specific ethnic group if it systematically under-predicts academic achievement and performance for those individuals. Although groups of interest may differ in level of performance, studies of intelligence measures such as the Wechsler scales have repeatedly found little or no differences across ethnic/racial/sociocultural groups in terms of item order difficulty levels, internal consistency, and patterns of scoring determined by computation of the factorial structure of the test. Individual differences in human intelligence are of interest to a wide range of psychologists and to many people outside the discipline. Obviously, subjective inspection of test content is ineffective for identifying which items are more difficult for one ethnic group compared to another. Sattler (2001) describes the 1905 scale as the first practical intelligence test because it provided instructions for administration and was composed of items that were arranged according to difficulty levels.