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. . "was not simply the fortuitous connection between a vendor and potential vendees, but the relationship between one who acted to protect the rights of a minority and the minority itself. It forbids the sale of 3.2% beer to 18-20-year-old men without forbidding possession, or preventing them from obtaining it from other sources, such as friends who are either older or female. . How is it to determine whether a particular law is "substantially" related to the achievement of such objective, rather than related in some other way to its achievement?
Syllabus. Both of the phrases used are so diaphanous and elastic as to invite subjective judicial preferences or prejudices relating to particular types of legislation, masquerading as judgments whether such legislation is directed at "important" objectives or, whether the relationship to those objectives is "substantial" enough. But the introduction of the adverb "substantially" requires courts to make subjective judgments as to operational effects, for which neither their expertise nor their access to data fits them. 182-184.MR. . . JUSTICE BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court.of the trait within the included class than in the excluded class to justify different treatment.

He felt that economic harm was too indirect a connection to satisfy the procedural requirements. Putting it differently, this gender-based classification does not bear a fair and substantial relation to the object of the legislation.The Court's criticism of the statistics relied on by the District Court conveys the impression that a legislature, in enacting a new law, is to be subjected to the judicial equivalent of a doctoral examination in statistics.

. "It shall be unlawful for any person who holds a license to sell and dispense beer . However, Whitener could seek relief from the law since she was subject to the loss of her vendor license for violating it.On 20 December 1972, Curtis Craig, a male between the ages of 18 and 21 and Ms. Whitener, a licensed 3.2 percent beer vendor, brought suit in the District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. . . Even so, I am not persuaded that these facts and the inferences fairly drawn from them justify this classification based on a three-year age differential between the sexes, and especially one that is so easily circumvented as to be virtually meaningless. Craig's successful litigation of this very issue was prevented only by the advent of his 21st birthday. . Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438, 445-446, 92 … . The majority of the justices found this to be insignificant, since the statutes affected a much larger number of citizens than had actually been shown to be delinquent. Decided December 20, 1976. Contacting Justia or any attorney through this site, via web form, email, or otherwise, does not create an attorney-client relationship.I would have thought that, if this Court were to leave anything to decision by the popularly elected branches of the Government, where no constitutional claim other than that of equal protection is invoked, it would be the decision as to what governmental objectives to be achieved by law are "important," and which are not. . And even if we manage to avoid both confusion and the mirroring of our own preferences in the development of this new doctrine, the thousands of judges in other courts who must interpret the Equal Protection Clause may not be so fortunate.that it is no doubt greater than the 2% who are arrested), but, whatever it may be, I cannot see that the mere purchase right involved could conceivably raise a due process question. If so, the following comment is relevant:Sections 241 and 245 provide in pertinent part:And while, as the Court observes, relying on a report to a Presidential Commission which it cites in a footnote, such statistics may be distorted as a result of stereotyping, the legislature is not required to prove before a court that its statistics are perfect. There being no violation of either equal protection or due process, the statute should accordingly be upheld.The rationality of a statutory classification for equal protection purposes does not depend upon the statistical "fit" between the class and the trait sought to be singled out.